Endurance capability is a key performance indicator of mobile robots, and the PCB power management solution directly determines the robot’s effective working time and battery service life. Mobile robots are powered by lithium batteries, featuring unstable output voltage with battery discharge and frequent dynamic load changes during walking, obstacle avoidance, and task execution. Therefore, the PCB power management scheme must focus on low power consumption, high energy conversion efficiency, and battery health maintenance to maximize the robot’s continuous working time under limited battery capacity.

The core of the solution is high-efficiency power conversion and adaptive power gating technology. The PCB is equipped with high-efficiency DC-DC power chips with a conversion efficiency of over 95%, which minimizes power loss during voltage conversion. For different working states of the robot, the design adopts segmented power management: when the robot is in standby, the PCB automatically closes the power supply of idle high-power modules such as motor drivers and positioning modules, and only retains the power supply of low-power sensing and wake-up circuits to reduce standby power consumption. When executing tasks, the system dynamically adjusts power output according to load demand to avoid excessive power supply waste.

Battery monitoring and balanced charging management are also integrated into the PCB solution. The on-board battery management circuit (BMS) collects battery voltage, current, and temperature data in real time, realizes over-charging, over-discharging, and over-temperature protection, and balances the voltage of each battery cell to avoid battery attenuation caused by inconsistent cell performance. Moreover, the PCB layout optimizes the power loop path, shortens high-current wiring, and reduces line impedance loss. This comprehensive power management design effectively improves the energy utilization rate of mobile robots and extends the overall endurance and battery cycle life.